The extraction of alkaloids is based on their basic character and solubility profiles. Generally alkaloids are extracted mainly using two methods....
EXTRACTION
The extraction of alkaloids is based on their basic
character and solubility profiles. Generally alkaloids are extracted mainly
using two methods.
Method A
The powdered material that contains alkaloidal salts is
moistened with alkaline substances like sodium bicarbon-ate, ammonia, calcium
hydroxide, etc., which combines with acids, tannins and other phenolic
substances and sets free the alkaloids bases. Extraction is then carried out
with organic solvents such as ether or petroleum spirit. The concentrated
organic liquid is then shaken with aqueous acid and allowed to separate.
Alkaloid salts will be present in aqueous liquid, while many impurities remain
behind in the organic liquid.
Method B
The collected powdered material is extracted with water or
aqueous alcohol containing dilute acid. Chloroform or other organic solvents
are added and shaken to remove the pigments and other unwanted materials. The
free alkaloids are then precipitated by the addition of excess alkalis like,
sodium bicarbonate or ammonia and separated by filtration or by extraction with
organic solvents.
Volatile liquid alkaloids (nicotine and coniine) are
isolated by distillation. The powdered material that contains alkaloids is
extracted with water and the aqueous extract is made alkaline with sodium
carbonate or ammonia and the alkaloid is distilled off in steam. This could be
collected and purified.
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