Cottonseed oil is a refined fixed oil obtained by expression of seeds of Gossypium harbaceum Linn, belonging to family Malvaceae, in hydraulic or other presses.
COTTONSEED OIL
Biological Source
Cottonseed oil is a refined fixed oil obtained by expression
of seeds of Gossypium harbaceum Linn,
belonging to family Malvaceae, in hydraulic or other presses.
Preparation
The cottonseed, after ginning off the fibres, is
decorticated and cleaned of hulls. The kernels are steamed and pressed at about
1500 lb pressure to yield about 30% of oil which is turbid and reddish in
colour. It is refined by filtering, decolourizing, and ‘winter chilling’, which
removes the stearin.
Characteristics
The crude oil is amber to deep red or black in colour with a
characteristic odour, sp. gr. 0.92, saponification value 192–200, iodine value
100–115, and unsaponifiable matter 0.6–2.0%. Refined Cottonseed oil is pale
yellow in colour with a bland nutty taste and nearly odourless. The oil is a
semidrying substance. On cooling a sediment of olein or liquid glycerides
separates out which may be collected by the filtration in the cooled condition.
When used to adulterate other oils its presence may be detected by the test for
semidrying. Cottonseed oil is graded on the basis of its acidity; refining
loses flavour. Refined oil is graded according to the colour, odour, and
flavour.
Chemical Constituents
The important constituents of the glycerides of cotton-seed
oil are linoleic (45–50%), oleic (23–29%), palmitic (20–33%), myristic
(1.5–3.5%), stearic (1.1–2.7%), and arachidic acids (1.0%). The glycerides
present are palmito-oleolinoleins (35–40%), palmitodioleins (20%), and
trioleo-or lineo-disaturated (12–13%). The unsaponifiable fraction contains β-sitosterol, ergosterol, vitamin E, and tocopherols. The
phosphatides present are lecithin (29%) and cephalins (71%). The minor
constituents present in the oil are free fatty acids (0.3–5.6%), gossypol
(0.05%), raffinose, pentosans, resins, wax, proteoses, peptones,
phospholipids, inosite phosphates, phytosteroline, xanthophyll, chlorophyll,
and mucilage substances.
Cottonseed cake contains about 0.6% of a toxic principle,
gossypol, which occurs in secretory cavities in all parts of the plant. It is
present in cold-pressed oil and can be removed by treatment with alkalies.
Uses
Cottonseed oil is used as a solvent for injections and for
edible purposes. The oil possesses emollient properties and is used in
liniments, in several pharmaceutical preparations, as a substitute of olive oil
and in large doses as lubricant cathartic. Low-grade oil is used in the
manufacture of soaps, lubricants, sulphonated oils, and protective coatings.
Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as
J.P. Massaj oil (Jamuna Pharma).
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