The respiratory system includes tubes that remove particles from incoming air.
Summary
The respiratory system includes tubes that remove particles
from incoming air. These tubes also trans-port air to and from the lungs and
air sacs, where gas exchanges occur. Respiration is the entire process of gas
exchange between body cells and the atmosphere. The organs of the respiratory
system can be divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper
respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, para-nasal sinuses, and
pharynx. The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, and lungs,
which contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The pharynx connects the
nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx superiorly and the esophagus inferiorly.
Sound production involves the vocal folds and their tension, diameter, and
length along with various modifications from the tongue, lips, and teeth.
Conducting zone structures include all respiratory passageways except for
those making up the respiratory zone, which is where actual gas exchange occurs
in the alveoli. Bronchi and bronchioles are tubes that continue to subdi-vide,
becoming smaller and smaller as they proceed more deeply into the lungs.
The lungs are not symmetric, with the right lung having
three lobes and the left lung having only two to accommodate the heart. The
four distinct respiratory volumes involved in respiration are TV, IRV, ERV, and
residual volume. Also, four respiratory capacities are created by the
combination of two or more of the respiratory volumes: TLC, VC, inspiratory
capacity, and FRC. Pulmonary function was originally tested using a device
called a spirometer, but today this has been replaced by an electronic
measuring device into which the patient blows air. The most important mus-cle
of respiration is the diaphragm.
The thoracic activity changes size of its capac-ity or
volume as inspiration and expiration occur. Normal breathing is involuntary
and rhythmic. Blood transports gases between the lungs and body cells. Nearly
all oxygen transported from the lungs to the body tissues occurs via its
chemical combination with Hb. CO2 bonds with the amino groups of
the “globin” or protein portion of Hb. The respiratory areas of the brain are
the brain stem and portions of the medulla oblongata and pons. With aging,
changes to the lungs, ribs, and costal cartilages combine to impair respiratory
volume. Smoking is the most significant risk fac-tor to respiratory
impairment over our lifetimes.
Related Topics
TH 2019 - 2024 pharmacy180.com; Developed by Therithal info.