Drugs Containing Glycosides

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Chapter: Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry : Drugs Containing Glycosides

A glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via glycosidic bond. A glycosidic bond is a certain type of chemical bond that joins a sugar molecule to another molecule. Specifically, a glycosidic bond is formed between the hemiacetal group of a saccharide (or a molecule derived from a saccharide) and the hydroxyl group of an alcohol.


Drugs Containing Glycosides

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

A glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via glycosidic bond. A glycosidic bond is a certain type of chemical bond that joins a sugar molecule to another mol-ecule. Specifically, a glycosidic bond is formed between the hemiacetal group of a saccharide (or a molecule derived from a saccharide) and the hydroxyl group of an alcohol. A substance containing a glycosidic bond is a glycoside. The glycone and aglycone portions can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in the presence of acid. There are also numerous enzymes that can form and break glycosidic bonds.

 

The sugar group is known as the glycone and the nonsugar group as the aglycone or genin part of the glycoside. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide). The sugars found in glycosides may be glucose and rhamnose (monosaccharides) or, more rarely, deoxysugars such as the cymarose found in cardiac glycosides.

 

In plants glycosides are both synthesized and hydrolysed under the influence of more or less specific enzymes. They are crystalline or amorphous substances that are soluble in water or alcohols and insoluble in organic solvents like benzene and ether. The aglycone part is soluble in organic solvents like benzene or ether. They are hydrolysed by water, enzymes and mineral acids. They are optically active. While glycosides do not themselves reduce Fehling’s solution, the simple sugars which they produce on hydrolysis will do so with precipitation of red cuprous oxide. The sugars present in glycoside are of two isomeric forms, that is, α form and β form, but all the natural glycosides contain β-type of sugar.

 

The term ‘glycoside’ is a very general one which embraces all the many and varied combinations of sugars and aglycones.

 

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